Before we go on to the advanced section of this course and learn all the fun things it contains, like how I don't pay income tax, utilities bills, council tax, PCNs, and any other way corrupt corporations use to try and squeeze extra money from us, you'll need to complete the introductory part of this course and learn some important foundational, and in no way trivial, empowering knowledge of law.
That's what the foundational part of this course which you are currently on is for. So thank you for donating in order to access this course and welcome to the beginning of your journey, of learning how to live a life of empowered status, within the system.

How To Use This Page

As most of the contents of this course is already written out on my website, rather than copying and pasting it here and for ease of access, I will share the links to each individual page, at the point in the course that they arise.
Please note that some of those links are provided for free on my site, whilst others direct you to 'pay-to-view' pages, but since you have already paid for this course, albeit at a highly discounted price compared to if you were to pay to access each page individually, you don't have to pay anything extra, as all my 'pay-to-view' pages are included as part of this course, all except for one that is, as I have kept the 'IRS-OID' pay to view page separate, as that is a whole course in and of itself and so is more expensive. It is also important to note that all the 'pay-to-view' pages are private so please keep them that way.
So don't share this page nor those links with anyone in other words. If you do have anyone interested in the contents of this course, then please instead share the following link(s)

Bookmark this page!

As for your progress through this course, I suggest you bookmark the current page and return to it when you are ready to progress to the next part of the course, by pressing 'back' when you reach the end of an 'external' page, meaning one not linked to on the current page, rather than following a link to the next page elsewhere. I also suggest making a note of the title of the part of the course you last reached, which can then be looked up in the page index, at the top of this page, so it is best practice to bookmark this page and return to it each time you want to continue this course.

Lesson 1 - The System:

To begin with, we'll look at some background information, about the development of the current system we live under and some history to help understand not only how it came about, but some information which will help to understand how it works.

The system in which we all live and operate in, whether we like it or not, is commercial in nature. We all therefore participate in commerce, whether wittingly or unwittingly, knowingly or unknowingly, day in and day out. It also therefore makes sense, just like you'd want to know the rules of a game you voluntarily participate in, and since this is a game in which we all participate, to know the rules and dynamics of this game, aka the system. Or at least to know those rules associated with commercial law aka the law merchant, or mercantile law of the sea, or admiralty law aka contract law, which are other names this law form goes by, and which all govern interactions between two or more parties, aka contracts.
This can be understood better when we break down the word contract, which consists of the prefix 'con' meaning with and the suffix 'tract' which is an action word, as seen in words like 'traction' and 'tractor', but basically means action. So we can take the word contract to mean 'with action'. This now should help to explain why contracts are defined by our actions, which are taken into account in a court of law, as they override any written or verbal contract.

The Law Merchant

A brief description of all of the above, which can be put under the heading 'the law merchant, aka contract law', is that, many years ago, ships used to carry gold across the seas, in order to trade with other countries, or more accurately buy goods with gold. But due to many ships being boarded by pirates, or sunk in treacherous waters in journies across the sea, and all the gold they were carrying being lost, along with most or all of the crew, a new system was developed where, instead of carrying tons of gold and risk losing it to the seas, gold would be stored on dry land, held for safe keeping by a local goldsmith, who would in turn, write out a receipt, detailing how much gold was in their safe, as records could simply be kept at the goldsmith's who stored the precious metals for safekeeping and trade.

This receipt, which later became a gold (and/or silver) certificate, and then later a bill of exchange, (where the Bill of Exchange Act 1882 later comes into play), similar to a bill of lading (which detailed a ship's inventory), would be written out.

These gold and silver certificates, or bills of exchange, were obviously, not only much lighter than gold or silver and could be used in the place of gold or silver, but would ensure, or insure, that the gold and silver, would not be lost at sea, as records could be kept at the goldsmith's who stored the precious metals for safekeeping and trade. Meaning that this receipt could be taken to another goldsmith's across the seas, in a foreign country, in exchange for gold, in order to buy the goods in that country when you got there, rather than carrying the physical gold or silver itself, or it could be used as tender, or set-off for or against payment, in other words.
Eventually even these receipts became valuable in themselves, once they were trusted and accepted, and thus became legal tender.
This is in fact how money works, or at least how it used to work, when gold and silver certificates could be exchanged for gold or silver. Whereas today we of course use the paper itself as money, which is a fiat currency. More on all of this and contract law later.

But before we look at contract law, let's give a little context by looking at the system a little more closely

The Turning Point

In the days before the great depression, the days from October 24th to 29th 1929, were when the stock market crashed, causing mass starvation and foreclosures of homes in America and great poverty across the whole world for around ten years. Especially in the western hemisphere and, as far as I can tell, also in those countries that traded with the west. Before then the era was called the roaring 20s, due to the mass prosperity being experienced.

Gold and silver were also in abundant supply and were used as money, or at least gold and silver certificates were, which could be exchanged for gold and silver from a bank at any time. This was in England as well as America. Certificate basically means money, and it is even rumoured that college certificates do have a monetary value for those who insure them, which is culminated at completion of a college course. For instance, if we look at two vocational qualifications of carpentry or engineering, they qualify someone to get a job afterwards, which earns the government many thousands of tax pounds or dollars over the lifetime of the worker, until retirement.
The college course was also more than likely paid for by a "loan", which also has to be "paid back" from the workers wages once they gain full time employment, although no money was actually loaned, just like in the case of a credit card. In fact since 1931 in the UK and 1933 in America, debt itself has been used as money, but more on this later.

The following link will take you to the the first 'external' page which should be read before returning here to the current page when you get to the end of it, by pressing 'back'or bookmarking this page, whichever you prefer, as already suggested: https://law-5.webnode.page:

The United Kingdom as a Corporation

The corporation called the UNITED KINGDOM or UK, which is intangible, as it is literally just an outline on a map and only exists on paper and in our minds, (as opposed to the land which is tangible as it physically exists) is the creation of Parliament by the Acts of Union 1707.

Something that only exists on paper and is intangible, can be said to be in a different or 'foreign' jurisdiction, which is similar to a being in a different dimension existing outside of the realms of space and time, meaning, in other words, that different rules or laws apply in that dimension, just like they do in a different jurisdiction.
We can say the same for the all capital letter versions of our name aka our PERSON or corporate version of our name, and I would also say, for the all capital letter verion of the UNITED KINGDOM, aka the corporate version of it too.

Also if we look in Black's Law dictionary 5th Edition, we see the definition for 'foreign':
Foreign: "Belonging to another nation or country, belonging or attached to another jurisdiction; made, done, or rendered in another state or jurisdiction; subject to another; operating or solvable in another territory, extrinsic, outside, extraordinary, Non-resident person, corporation, executor, etc."

If we look at the contents of the articles within the Act of Union 1707, we see that
the Named Countries in the Act are written in all capital letters like so: 'ENGLAND' and 'SCOTLAND'
Then, looking at the rules for capitalisation according to 'the University of Oxford Style Guide', we see that the use of capitals is only specified for use at the beginning of a proper noun (specific people, names, places, holidays, religions, months, etc) but not for use in every letter of a single English word, as this doesn't follow the rules of grammar for the English Language, and therefore can't be classed as English according to these same rules. But then 'what is it?' I hear you ask.
Well, if we look at page 574 of the book 'The Chicago Manual of Style, The essential guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers, 16th Edition summarized', which is basically the US version of the English 'University of Oxford Style Guide', under the heading, 'Old English and Middle English', section 11.142 after the subheading 'Special characters in Old and Middle English', we are told that 'Several Old English or Middle English letters not used in modern English occur in both lower case and capital forms.' But this is not referring to whole words.

Then on page 576, under the heading 'American Sign Language', section 11.147, after the subheading 'Glosses in ASL.' we are told that 'The written-language transcription of a sign is called a gloss. Gloesses are words from the spoken language written in small capital letters: WOMAN, SCHOOL, CAT, (Alternatively, regular capital letters may be used.)...'

Nowhere else does it mention any, all uppercase words, which clarifies use of capital letters for whole words is not English, nor American, but is in fact 'American Sign Language', and if we go back to section 11.144 on page 575, we are told that 'these languages are known as signs'. Hopefully now you see that we can conclude that writing words in all capital letters is not English but actually a language foreign to English known as signs, meaning it is in another realm or jurisdiction. Well, since there are five (5) main law forms, which are hierarchical in nature and are also classed as different jurisdictions, we can surmise that the Acts of Union 1707 does not fall under the jurisdiction of England's or Scotland's Laws and therefore the UNITED KINGDOM is a foreign entity with regards to both of these physical countries and I would say that in fact it would be in the realm or jurisdiction of corporate law, aka the law which governs corporations.

Also, according to the Act of Union itself, this would render it void, as we can see in the following text taken from the Act of Union 1707:
'Article XXV - That all Laws and Statutes in either Kingdom so as they are contrary to or inconsistent with the terms of the Articles or any of them shall from and after the Union cease and become void and shall be so declared to be by the respective Parliaments of the said Kingdoms.'
See for yourself here:

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/aosp/1707/7/section/XXV

All Are Equal Under The Law

As we know, governments are structured according to a hierarchy, just like corporations, where you have the CEO(s), President, or Managing Director(s) at the top of that hierarchy and then employees below them in a hierachical sense.
As for governments, we have Kings and Queens at the top and ministers below them, with a Prime Minister being the highest title or office in government, or at least if we are to take the UK as an example anyway.
All of the various people in these positions have limited power, at least while on duty, as they are limited by their office, aka public title, which is in turn restricted by statute and have certain responsibilities or duties.
Were we to take away that office though, or strip away that title, so that we just have the man or woman behind it, then we find that all are equal under the law.
Because no man nor woman is greater than another in law. Not only that, but man and woman is greater than any office, or title, because man and woman has unlimited liability, wheras any said office or title must be covered by limited liability insurance and must also act within, or according to, the scope or restrictions of its power and responsibilities, to be covered by that insurance in the firat place. A mam or woman acting on behalf of said title, a company or corporation, can therefore never harm or cause hardship to a man or woman, because if they did, well that is called a crime, maybe even a tort, which means a particularly serious crime.
So knowing this, we can begin to understand that the Act of Union is also ultra vires (beyond scope), because no thing, can be greater than that which created it, and of course any title or office which a man or woman operates under, was created by mankind in the first place.
Therefore no man or woman, whatever their title, office or status can bestow nor deny the people their God given, natural birth right aka their inherent rights. So, as well as an act of high treason, the Act of Union is void ab initio (void from the beginning).
Furthermore the Act of Union proves that the Government and Parliament of the United Kingdom does not follow the rule of law which Queen Elizabeth II swore an oath to uphold at her coronation, and thus cannot create any Acts or Statutes for the people living in England.

There is also the case of the Stone of Scone being removed before Queen Elizabeth was coronated, therefore also making her coronation void. This fact has even been used as a winning defence in court. But these two examples are just used here to illustrate the point that not everything is at it seems or as we are told it to be. Hopefully now your mind will be open enough to take on board the knowledge that follows. Knowledge I have used in practical applications in my own life, when I first started testing out law, in action, in my own life over ten years ago, but first, a brief introduction to contract law.

Contract Law

So before we continue on, let's look at contract law and the rules of contracts, since all law is contract, aka an agreememt between the parties. This is not a full course on contracts, but just a brief overview to give you an idea of how they work.

First of all, let's look at the word contract itself and break down its meaning.

Contract - meaning

Looking at the word contract, we have the Latin prefix 'con/com', meaning 'with/together', denoting two or more parties and the suffix 'tract' denoting some form of action. For instance a tractor pulls something, traction is the action of pulling something, the word attract is about pulling something towards another object, subtract is about taking something away.

So the meaning of the word contract is really about how you act in certain relationships and comtracts are determined not by what is written down, but by your actions in those specific, usually professional, relationships. There was even a court case where a tenant signed a contract to pay a certain amount of rent each month, but only paid a part of it, a consistent lower amount because maybe they didn't even look at the amount on the contract and were under the impression that the lower amount covered the full rent. When asked by the judge what they did with the cheques, due to the fact that landlord replied that they cashed them, the judge ruled in the favour of the tenant and lost the right to claim the extra missing rent, or higher, full amount, due to their actions.

Authority and capacity

To begin with, before even thinking about entering into a contract, someone must have authority and capacity to do so. That's why the law looks at whether the parties involved have not only the legal capacity, but also the authority to enter into one in the first place. In order to have mutual assent, both parties must be of legal age and have the mental capacity to comprehend the terms of the contract, otherwise the contract may be voided. Also both parties must have the authority, so for inatance, I can't agree to sell you a business which I don't own etc. These two elements are essential, but in my mind are more of prerequisites to entering into contract. So, although they are essential, they are not listed below, because they are so essential, that without them, there would be no basis for a contract to even build upon in the first place.

The next seven elements, or conditions of contract which follow, are the main essential elements which a contract needs to meet, in order to be valid:1. Offer and Acceptance
2. Certainty
3. Full and honest disclosure.
4. A meeting of the minds
5. Legal/lawful terms and conditions.
6. Equal or valuable consideration.
7. Privity of contract.

1. Offer and Acceptance

An offer, which is a promise by one party to enter into a bargain contingent on the performance of another party, is a key element of a contract. The offer must be clear, concise, and communicated to the other party.

The offeree must accept the contractual terms of the offeror. Acceptance can be explicit or implicit, expressed or implied. An explicit or expressed acceptance is an affirmative statement by the offeree that they accept the full terms of the offer at face value. An implicit or implied acceptance is when the offeree performs some action indicating their acceptance of the offer.

An offer is not a legally binding event, but simply an invitation to treat, aka and invitation to negotiate. It simply proves that an offer exists, and nothing more. When it is received by the other party, it can still be revoked, altered, terminated, or conditionally accepted, rather than just blindly accepted.

Communications with the offeror should always be maintained in valid contracts. It's important to know that a counteroffer might terminate an offer. Think of it as modifying and therefore changing the offer, making it a new one altogether, or a novation. For example, if I offer to sell you a car for £500 and you counter that price with an offer for £400, the original offer is no longer valid.

Forms of Acceptance

Conditional acceptance: The offeree accepts the offer subject to certain conditions.
Acceptance by action: The offeree performs the actions specified in the offer.
Option agreement: The offeree pays for the offeror to keep the offer open for a certain time.
Acceptance by inaction, or tacit procuration/aquiescence.

2. Certainty

To be enforceable, a contract must be clear, unambiguous and contain no uncertain terms. These terms must be specific, achievable and guaranteed otherwise the contract may be void.

It is also essential that the price for delivery of the promised obligation, whether service or product to be sold, is agreed.

For example, if it is agreed to buy or sell a car for £500, with no mention of a specific type of car, the contract is void because essential details are missing.

The courts may not enforce a contract if the terms are too vague or uncertain. For example is a contract is simply for 'the sale of goods', but doesn't specify what the "goods" are, then the contract is not certain and cannot be enforced.

3. Full and Honest Disclosure

Full disclosure, which is basically just another way of saying transparency, is a legal/lawful requirement in certain contracts, in order to give both parties equal knowledge of what they're agreeing to, before committing to stepping into that agreement.

For instance, if we look at premarital agreements, or prenups, property/real estate deals etc.

Because balanced knowledge of the facts of the agreement, allow for better negotiation before committing to something you don't have all the information about and allows for better decision making. It also allows for more trust. I mean I'm sure you would trust someone more who agreed to give you full disclosure than someone who gave you the excuse that they can't disclose certain information due to privacy. Although of course a non-disclosure agreement, or NDA, is something entirely different. For instance, speaking from experience, you might be asked to sign an NDA as an actor or extra in a Hollywood movie, because they don't want certain information, including video footage or photos, leaked to the public before the film is released. But in this example, knowledge of the subject matter is available to those involved, which is different to withholding information entirely, which suggests there is something to hide and obviously does not build trust. Whilst writing this, mortgages are the main area which spring to mind, but there are probably many more examples in law, of where information is hidden, in order for one party to a contract to gain advantage over the other.

4. A Meeting of the Minds

A meeting of the minds basically means agreement to the terms and conditions of the contract at face value, meaning as stipulated on some document and is symbolised by two handwritten signatures (not photocopies). Digital signatures are also accepted in this modern digital age. This is important because some companies will try to trick people into giving their signature, or will not even sign their own document. A contract with one signature or where only one party benefits is called a unilateral contract, a contracr with only one party. This of course is invalid and unenforceable, yet so many people get conned by these simply because they don't know the law of contracts. But this is to do with consent, which we will look at more later, along with a seperate and very important discussion about our signatures too.

5. Lawful/Legal Terms and Conditions

It probably goes without saying, but a contract cannot be made for something unlawful or illegal. That's why James Bond's licence to kill is only in fictional Hollywood movies, otherwise hitman would be a legal job and all hitmen would have passed their assassination licence test to get a licence. A contract could also start off as perfectly legal/lawful, but is carried out or performed in an illegal/unlawful way, which would make it void ab initio, meaning void from the start.

6. Valuable consideration

Contracts are made for the purpose of exchanging something of value, aka valuable consideration, between two parties. They can be tangible, like money, goods, or services, or they can be something intangible, like a promise to perform or even to refrain from performing an action. The courts generally do not decide if the consideration is adequate enough though. In other words, entering into a bad contract doesn't invalidate it, so long as it is not breaking the law in some way, so always make sure to read the small print! There are exceptions to this though, such as in the case of employee non-compete agreements, since there are rules governing employment, like minimum wage etc.

7. Privity of Contract

In common law, privity of contract prevents someone not a party to a contract, or not privy to it, from enforcing a term of that contract, even in situations where the contract was made for the purpose of conferring a benefit on that third party.But the UK Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, altered the privity of contract rule, to allow someone who is not a party of a contract, the right to enforce a term of that contract in special, or specified, circumstances.

But this is not a full a complete lesson on contract law, it is just an introduction and overview and we will come back to contracts later, where you'll learn how we can actually use contracts in the real world and in our own lives.
But hopefully you can see why it's important to know the seven essential elements of a contract. Because without them all being present, a contract isn't legally binding and may be void or unenforceable. Not only will the parties to the contract then not be held responsible for fulfilling their obligations of the agreement, but also, you'll be able to know which agreements are not legally binding when being presented with their offer.

There may be more elements to general or other types of contracts, but the above are the seven standard essential ones, or the "bare bones", which you'll find in all valid contracts.

This now brings us to understanding how contracts work in action.